Felice Pace: Klamath Dams Agreement in Principle: Is it a “step forward” or a step back? Dec 3, 2008

The Agreement in Principle (AIP) reached by the Bush, Schwarzenegger and Kulongoski Administrations with PacifiCorp has now been out for a couple of weeks and most of the players have weighed in with press statements and releases. Even KlamBlog’s principle author got into the act at the request of the Siskiyou Daily News.

As expected, those organizations which have been pushing a parallel Water Deal (official title: Klamath River Basin Restoration Agreement) praised the move while those who have been skeptical found new support for their positions. One organization – The Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Association – made conflicting press statements. While Executive Director Zeke Grader voiced concern and skepticism, PCFFA’s Klamath negotiator Glen Spain joined a press release praising the deal and signed a letter (also signed by several federal officials, the Klamath, Yurok and Karuk Tribes, Trout Unlimited and American Rivers) requesting that the California Water Resources Board indefinitely delay a decision on whether the dams can meet water quality standards. It is widely believed that water quality is the dams’ Achilles Heal. If the water quality hearings went forward, some say, dam removal proponents would emerge with a much stronger hand in dam removal negotiations.

One organization that has been generally (but quietly) supporting the Water Deal – Friends of the River – voiced concerns about the AIP. FOR may have been influenced by the linkage of Klamath dam removal with new dams, reservoirs and a new canal to bring Northern California water south. Governor Schwarzenegger made the connection explicit during the press conference announcing the Klamath Dams Deal. Long-time salmon advocate Dan Backer spelled out the connection in an article published on Bay Area Indy Media and by KlamBlog (see November 17th KlamBlog post).

The ink was scarcely dry on the Agreement in Principle when the very organizations which had campaigned for years to brand PacifiCorp and principle owner Warren Buffett as an outside corporate heavyweight with its foot on the neck of Klamath River communities were positively gushing over the company’s civic mindedness. One wonders whether the rank and file who took off work to journey to protests in Portland and Omaha are confused by the about face.

But while the dominant message that came through media reports was that the AIP is a positive step toward dam removal, careful analysis of the Agreement reveals that it actually makes dam removal farther off and more difficult to achieve, Here’s why:

The AIP calls for 12 years of “studies” before a decision is made on whether or not to take out the dams. And when that decision comes it will not be made by the California Water Quality Control Board or even the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission but by the federal Administration which is in office in 2020. In the meantime PacifiCorp will continue to operate the dams and the dams – through their impact on water quality – will continue to contribute significantly to the fish disease epidemic in the Klamath River which is claiming thousands (and perhaps millions) of juvenile salmon and steelhead each year on their way to the ocean.

But that is not the worst part.

According to the AIP the decision on whether to take out the dams will be based on Cost Benefit Analysis. Cost Benefit Analysis is notorious among environmentalists because it has been a principle tool the Bush Administration has used to avoid environmental protection. In fact, a case was argued before the Supreme Court just this week in which environmental groups criticized Cost Benefit Analysis because it is subject to political manipulation. In the case before the high court, public utilities seek reinstatement of a Bush Administration regulation that environmentalists had successfully overturned in lower courts. The Bush regulation gutted the Clean Water Act mandate stating that when utilities upgrade or refurbish power plants they must put in new technology which eliminates water and air pollution. Utilities could avoid the clean technology mandate under the Bush regulation if the cost of the new cleaner technology failed cost-benefit analysis. All Things Considered reported on the case yesterday.

Basing a decision on whether or not to remove the dams on Cost Benefit Analysis makes dam removal less likely – or at least more remote. This is so not only because Cost Benefit Analysis is subject to manipulation but also because using it changes the standard which the dams must meet to remain in place.

It is now widely recognized that PacifiCorp’s Klamath River dams can not meet water quality standards established pursuant to the Clean Water Act. Therefore, the dams must install new technology to clean the water or they can not be legally relicensed and must be removed. That new clean water technology – coupled with the fish passage requirements already ordered - would cost more than the aging plants are worth. Removing the dams would then be the best business decision for the company.

The AIP avoids this result. It puts the Clean Water Act on the shelf for 12 years and substitutes Cost Benefit Analysis for Water Quality as the standard by which the dams will be judged. And if Cost Benefit Analysis makes it into legislation to implement a dam and water deal there is the possibility that the Klamath dams could be exempted entirely from the Clean Water Act. That would clear the way for them to be legally relicensed.

But why would the Karuk Tribe and the Yurok Tribe which have been among the staunchest defenders of the Klamath River and Klamath Salmon agree to such a deal? That is a question which increasing numbers of these tribes’ members are also asking.

In such cases it is prudent to head ancient wisdom and "follow the money". In this case the AIP itself provides part of the answer. Under the AIP PacifiCorp would devote at least $500,000 per year for 12 years to water quality, engineering and other studies. With water quality and fisheries departments in place, the tribes are well positioned to receive some of these contracts. And these departments are in a bind because they are dependent on federal and state grants which have dwindled in recent years.

The rest of the $5 million or more that will be dispensed over 12 years will be picked up by state agencies – a fact which also helps explain their support. Essentially, PacifiCorp is paying half a million dollars a year so that its dams can avoid complying with the Clean Water Act for 12 years. If the Cost-Benefit Analysis says dam decommissioning is not economical, the whole process of relicensing the dams begins again. That process has already taken up the better part of a decade.

The question which is not being faced is this: Can Klamath Salmon survive 12 to 20 more years with the Klamath River dams in place? A new study released by CalTrout appears to suggest that - while the dams are only one among several factors - wild Klamath River Coho Salmon may be only a memory when the dams come down (if they ever do).

Klamath Deal dissenters – the Northcoast Environmental Center, Water Watch and Oregon Wild – have done a good job pointing out problems with the AIP and the previous Water Deal. But these organizations have yet to clearly articulate an alternative path to dam removal. This lack of a well articulated alternative strategy that leads to dam removal remains the main argument which supporters are using to promote both the Dam Deal and the Water Deal which they will seek to join together before taking the whole package to Congress. Until opponents of what can now be called the Dam and Water Deal clearly articulate an alternative path, that argument will remain potent.

Anonymous said...: As indicated in Siskiyou County's recent comment at the water quality proceedings on the dams: "sediment quality in the reservoirs raises serious concerns with respect to heavier molecular-weight recalcitrant organic-chemicals. Six samples from the reservoir sediments showed evidence of creosote compounds (i.e. naphthalene and phenanthrene as examples of P AHs in creosote) at low concentrations. The most significant is that one sediment sample for each of three reservoirs was analyzed for dioxins. Dioxins were detected in all three samples in the range of 2.5 to 4.8 picograms per gram or parts per trillion (ppt) TEQ as 2,3,7,8- TCDD. The Canadian advisory for salmonid habitat is 1 ppt TEQ as 2,3,7,8-TCDD.\ The Oregon residential soil screening level for human heath is 3.6 ppt 2,3,7,8- TCDD and the California residential soil screening level for human heath is 4.6 ppt. Dioxins are known human carcinogens and they are bioaccumulative within the food chain. Furthermore, dioxin is a known constituent in pentachlorophenol and there are known pentachlorophenol usage and spill sites on the Upper Klamath Lake so its presence is not arbitrary but coincident with a probable source. More data on the concentrations of dioxin in the reservoir sediments are needed and a great deal more analysis of the potential impacts from these dioxin affected sediments in the reservoirs is warranted. There is both the issue of what moves through the river system and redeposits if the dams are removed, and there is the issue of sediment residue left in the reservoir area if the dams are removed. On that latter point, while the Klamath River will quickly regain its original grade through some portion of the sediments behind the dams if
they are removed, much of this potentially toxic sediment will remain above the re-
established Klamath River along the shoreline for years if not decades. Removal of
the sediment by hydraulic management of the river or other means may be necessary
to restore good health to the watershed or the sediment left behind will have to be
properly managed or mitigated in place."; December 3, 2008 4:37 PM

Felice Pace said...: KlamBlog looked into the dioxin concern at the time it was first raised by Siskiyou County. While dioxin in any amount is a concern worth looking further into, our investigation reached these conclusions:

1. Because they were used so extensively at lumber mills as wood preservatives, dioxins are fairly common in river and lake sediments in forested portion of the American West.

2. The consultant whom Siskiyou County brought in to examine this issue would not confirm a significant risk to either the environment or human health from either the sediments in general or from the dioxin that may be in those sediments. In fact, the consultant suggested that - because of the relatively small amount of sediment behind these dams - dam removal would probably not pose a significant risk to health or the environment.

3. Siskiyou County has been unconcerned about toxic algae being released by the reservoir and has refused to post health warnings on the River or the Reservoirs. Siskiyou County has also been unconcerned about the public use of old mill sites in the county some of which contain dioxin in the soil at much higher concentrations than reported for the reservoir samples.

4. In light of their prior positions on dioxin and toxic algae, Siskiyou County's concern about dioxin in Klamath dam sediments appear to be more related to their opposition to dam removal than to concerns for the environment or human health.

Nevertheless, all risks associated with dam removal should be examined in a Supplement to the FERC EIS on the dams. If there are substantial risks to human health and the environment associated with dam removal these should be addressed or mitigated.; December 4, 2008 11:07 AM